This article presents every seal currently known to have been used by Rakusan. Also included are seals of other persons occasionally associated with Rakusan artworks or with artworks sometimes attributed to Rakusan. To make referring to the various seals easier, each of the seals have been arbitrarily assigned unique designations based on letters of the alphabet. These same designations are used in all of the research presented on this site.

The seal images are not all shown at the same scale. Seals on black backgrounds appear as monochrome negative versions of the same seal on light or polychrome backgrounds. Both of these versions are here considered to be the same basic seal. The same polychrome seals can vary in hue from vermilion red to brown depending on the particular design, but other colors are found on a very few specific designs. Further discussion of the relative sizes, distributions, and other characteristics of each seal will eventually appear in the text section immediately following this table.

RAKUSAN SEALS

A	A	B	B	B2
C	C	C	W
D	E	F	G
H	H	I (watermark)	I	J
K	L	M	N	O
P	Q	Q	[R]	R
S	T	U	V	W (see after C)
X	X	Y	Y	Z
AA	BB	CC

SEALS OF RAKUSAN PRINT COLLECTORS

Collector 1

Collector 2

Collector 3

Collector 4

Collector 5

SUSPECT ATTRIBUTIONS: 洋草花譜, You Souka Fu, Western Flowers Series

The 'Takemura' seal (and accompanying 'Hodo' signature) were later mistakenly added to unmarked Maria Gabo prints stored for sale at H. Takemura & Co. in Yokohama by Takemura workers.

'Rakusan'

'So-un'

'Takemura' [for 'Hodo']

DISCUSSION:

Seals are classified as primary when they are produced as part of the production process for the artwork, and secondary when they are applied later, often when the artwork is distributed. Some copies may have both primary and secondary seals.

Rakusan used at least one of his personal seals as a mark of authorship and approval on every individual artwork he distributed. Aside from the intermediate stages of process sets, the only Rakusan artworks which do not have seals are ones which he retained in his personal possession. Therefore if one encounters a purported 'Rakusan' artwork which does not have a seal, that is immediate grounds for concern about attribution or authenticity. Rakusan frequently used the same seal design for different purposes and printed the seal using different methods.

On woodblock prints the primary Rakusan seals (and any signatures) are almost always also woodblock printed. He carved a new version of the primary seal into the wooden block for each different design. Therefore, each of these seals varies at least slightly from design to design, even when carved to the same pattern. Rakusan also carved his own stamp seals which he applied as primary seals to original artworks and correspondence, and as secondary seals to woodblock prints. Variations based on the amount of ink applied to the stamp seal also are to be expected.

Rakusan seal usage can be classified into two types: major and minor. Rakusan tended to use the same seal on all new artworks produced during specific periods of time. The seal characteristically used on the large majority of the artworks during a particular time is defined as a major seal and gives its name to that seal use period. Rare, exceptional use of a different seal during a major seal use period marks that seal as a minor seal. (For example, during the last half of the 100 Series all but one of the prints appeared with seal A, the exception was one print with seal H. Therefore, seal H is identified as a minor seal used during the Seal A Period when seal A was the major seal used on new artworks.)

It is important to recognize that on woodblock prints the seal used reflects the period during which the wooden block containing the seal was carved. Although many Rakusan prints were carved, printed, published, and distributed within a single month, technical problems and sequence order changes meant that sometimes prints were published significantly later than when their blocks were carved. For example, the Fan Series and 36 Series often had earlier-carved designs held over until all of the designs in their themes or installments were ready to publish. In fact themes may contain designs carved during from one to four different seal use periods. Because some designs were published and circulated before other designs carved up to several months earlier, absolute dating of seal use periods cannot rely solely on the dates of publication for the designs bearing a particular seal.

THE INDIVIDUAL SEALS:

Note again that the seal designations are arbitrary, and with few exceptions do not represent a temporal order. The discussion below is arranged in the order the seals appear in the illustrations above.

Seal A: Major seal A is known only as a primary seal. The first documented use of seal A on a newly published woodblock print is 100 Series design 15 published in December 1929, and the last is Fan Series design 110-3 published in June 1934. All examples of seal A on new woodblock print designs are believed to have been carved within the Seal A Period which extended from perhaps as early as 1928 through the third quarter of 1933. Seal A is the predominate seal in edition I of the 100 Series (81 of 100 total designs), and occurs also in the early designs of the Fan Series (30 of 180) and edition I of the 36 Series (6 of 36). Seal A was also used on a few edition II reprints of 100 Series designs subsequent to the Seal A Period, as well as on at least one edition III reprint. Seal A is found on at least three original paintings created around this same period, one of which is dated to late 1928. On another of these paintings seal A is a dual marking with seal S, one of only two examples of Rakusan using two primary seals. Minor seals within the Seal A Period include seal H (and probably also seal I), seal S, and seal D. Subperiods within the Seal A Period include at least those for seal F and seal G.

Seal B: The first documented uses of major seal B on woodblock prints are seven Fan Series designs and all three 36 Series designs published in installment three of those series in May 1934. The last documented use on a new woodblock print is on souvenir print SP1 in early 1947. Seal B is the predominate seal in edition I of the 36 Series (21 of 36 total designs), and occurs also in the later-carved designs of the Fan Series (36 of 180). All examples of seal B on new woodblock prints are believed to have been carved within the Seal B Period which extended from the beginning of the second quarter of 1934 through the final closure of the Rakusan studio in 1955. Seal B is also the most used seal on original paintings which were created during this period with currently twenty-three known examples. Seal B appears on most later edition 100 Series reprints, including all edition III examples and almost all later edition 36 Series reprints. Except for a very few examples of secondary use of seal B with souvenir prints, seal B is always a primary seal.

Seal B₂: Major seal B is made up of two square subparts. Minor seal B₂ is the lower half of seal B used as an independent seal. Since seal B₂ is known only from four winter card woodblock prints, it probably represents an attempt to scale down seal B for smaller format use. Seal B₂ is first documented on the two winter cards from 1937, and last used for edition II of winter card "WC5" after World War II.

Seal C: The first documented uses of major seal C on woodblock prints are eight Fan Series designs published in installment three of that series in May 1934 (or slightly earlier). Seal C is the predominate seal of the Fan Series (103 of 180 total designs). The last full size versions of seal C appearing on new woodblock prints are fourteen Fan Series designs published in installment twelve of that series in May 1935 (or slightly later). All full size examples of seal C on new woodblock prints are believed to have been carved within the Seal C Period which extended from the last quarter of 1933 only through the first quarter of 1934. Many examples of seal C designs were held for up to a year or more after their wooden blocks were carved before the designs were actually published. Seal C is also found on ten original paintings which were created around this same period.

The reduced-size version of seal C occurs on winter card WC1935, which was sent out for the winter holiday season in late 1935. However, it is not known if it was new for that year or had been first published during a previous year. Either way it is believed that the assignment of seal C to the design was also made during the main Seal C Period.

Rakusan revived seal C as a secondary addendum placed within the image area on a single set of 100 Series prints between the late 1930s and the immediate postwar period. On these copies a secondary seal C has been added near a corner margin to otherwise normal edition I and edition II prints which already had primary signature and seal markings.

[For Seal W see below in alphabetical order.]

Seal D: The only documented use of seal D on a new woodblock print is 36 Series design 124 published in installment eight of that series in November 1934. It is possible that the wooden blocks for this design may have been held over from late 1933. Seal D is also found on five original scroll paintings, at least two of which date from 1928. Seal D is best considered a minor seal from within the major Seal A Period. At least one post World War II print run of edition II of 124 retained seal D.

Seal E: Seal E is known only from five original scroll paintings.

Seal F: Seal F was used on the first ten designs of the 100 Series which were published between April and September 1929. During the early part of edition II of the 100 Series several reprinted designs also use seal F. No original paintings with seal F have been found, and it may best be considered a woodblock-specific subperiod which lasted for several months from early 1929 into September within the major Seal A Period.

There is incomplete information that Rakusan revived seal F as a secondary addendum placed within the image area on a single group of 100 Series prints between the late 1930s and the immediate postwar period. On these copies a secondary seal F has been added near a corner margin to otherwise normal edition I and edition II prints which already had primary signature and seal markings.

Seal G: The first documented uses of seal G are on the first two 100 Series Alternates designs published in September 1929, and all subsequent 100 Series Alternates have seal G as well. Seal G also occurs on eight 100 Series designs published between October 1929 and February 1930. No original paintings with seal G have been found, and it may best be considered a woodblock-specific subperiod which lasted for only a few months from August 1929 into February 1930 within the major Seal A Period. Although distribution of previously printed 100 Series Alternates designs continued up through February 1931 (or slightly later), all were actually prepared during this same interval.

Seal H: Minor seal H is first documented on a new woodblock print on 100 Series design 95 published in April 1933 (or slightly later). Seal H also occurs on three Fan Series designs, the last of which were published in installment seven in October 1934, long after the wooden blocks were carved in the third quarter of 1933. Seal H is a minor seal occuring within the major seal A period. Seal H is also found on one original painting where it is a dual marking with seal S, one of only two examples of Rakusan using two primary seals. It is possible that seal I is actually an unintentional variant of seal H.

Seal I: The only documented use of minor seal I on a new woodblock print is on a single Fan Series design published in installment seven of that series in October 1934. It is possible that seal I is actually an unintentional variant of seal H which would place it within the major seal A period (see above). No original paintings with seal I have been found, and no polychrome version of seal I is known. The design of seal I was reused in 1950 as a paper watermark for edition II of souvenir print SP1.

Seal J: Although it is one of the best known Rakusan seals, seal J is not known from any woodblock prints. It is familiar from its publication accompanying a text on page two of the Foster booklet which dates from the early 1950s. A single original scroll painting with seal J from an earlier period has also been found.

Seal K: Only one example of seal K is known, an original scroll painting.

Seal L: Only one example of seal L is known, the prototype painting for souvenir print SP2.

Seal M: Only one example of seal M is known, an original painting. It occurs later than seal S, but its major seal period is indeterminate.

Seal N: Only two examples of seal N on new woodblock prints are known, the undated early winter card "WC4" and one of the color morphs of souvenir print SP2. No original paintings with seal N have been found.

Seal O: Only one example of seal O is known, an original scroll painting.

Seal P: Only one design using seal P is known, the isolated and somewhat unusual peacock woodblock print T1 whose authorship has been considered suspect.

Seal Q: Although it is apparently a minor seal, the exact position of seal Q in the woodblock print sequence is uncertain. Seal Q occurs on three Fan Series designs, the earliest in installment four in June 1934, and the last in installment eleven in April 1935 (or slightly later). On an undated copy of souvenir print SP2a a hand-applied seal Q functions as a primary seal although it accompanies a dedication. Another hand-applied seal Q is the primary seal on the sole edition III copy of winter card "WC4". There are also several examples of seal Q used as a secondary seal in dedications on at least two other kinds of woodblock prints. Some of these dedications are securely dated to 1947 and 1948, and stylistically the dedicated copy of SP2a also belongs to this later period.

Seal R: Although it is apparently a minor seal, the exact position of seal R in the woodblock print sequence is uncertain. Seal R occurs only on four Fan Series designs, the earliest in installment four in June 1934, and the last in installment twelve in May 1935 (or slightly later). No original paintings with seal R have been found, and no polychrome version of seal R is known.

Seal S: Four examples of seal S are known, all original paintings. Two of these paintings are the only examples of Rakusan using two primary seals, one example of seal S with seal A and another of seal S with seal H. This suggests that use of seal S should also be assigned to the major Seal A Period of these accompanying seals. The other two seal S paintings are the pair of large panels.

Seal T: There are many examples of seal T used as a secondary seal, all of them in dedications on souvenir print SP1. Most of these are securely dated to the single year 1948, but a few later examples in 1950 and 1956 are also known. Seal T is not currently documented as a primary seal on any artworks.

Seal U: Only one example of seal U is known, an original scroll painting.

Seal V: Only one design using seal V is known, the first edition of winter card woodblock print "WC5".

Seal W: Only one design using seal W is known, the winter card woodblock print WC1936 sent out in 1936. Tiny seal W is so blurred that it likely will never be read. It is included in the chart above out of alphabetical order to facilitate comparison with the miniature version of seal C.

Seal X and Seal Y: These two seals always occur together on woodblock-printed, calligraphic title labels for the three main series, the 100 Series, the Fan Series, and the 36 Series between 1929 and 1935. These labels occur only on delivery envelopes and on book covers, and they are not known to have been used on other artworks. Seal X appears before the title in upper right. Seal Y is after the title at lower left. The seal X and seal Y title labels were originally associated with colophons including seal Z.

The 100 Series title label including seal X and seal Y was later reprinted on gold foil paper for the covers of the 1940 Tripartite Pact presentation albums.

Seal Z: The only known use of seal Z is on delivery envelope colophons where it appears as part of the copyright statement between 1929 and 1935. It is not known to occur on any artworks. The seal Z colophons were originally associated with the title labels including seal X and seal Y.

Seal AA: Only one example of seal AA is known. It appears on the reverse of a publicity postcard as part of a secondary dedication text from circa the late 1960s.

Seal BB: Only one example of seal BB is known from an original painting which was part of a collection presented in 1940 but probably was painted several years earlier.

Seal CC: Four examples of seal CC are known, two prints from before World War II and two others from sometime later (possibly postwar). All of these prints appear not to have been published by the Rakusan studio, and the authorship of this seal is undetermined.

[To be continued....]

© 2005, © 2016 (with interim revisions 2006, 2011, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2021) Dr Michael J P Nichols